Welp, didn't work. Here's the CBS log. At this point, I'm game to keep troubleshooting, but we are going to be replacing this server. I very much appreciate your attention and attempts to find the issue(s).
Hmm, usually setting the RegistrySizeLimit fixes this issue so I'm not sure particularly sure what the problem is to be honest. Your COMPONENTS hive is only 20MB which is normal. I assume you don't have any policies set which would limit the pool/memory usage? You could try booting into Safe Mode and then manually attempt to load the COMPONENTS hive from there using: