Ok, If it fails the upgrade then we can check the install logs to see if we can fix the problems reported.
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Are you sure about the panther folders? I see none of the files you mentioned, but I have setupact.log and setuperr.log in both "C:\Windows\Panther\NewOs\Panther" as well as "C:\Windows\Panther\UnattendGC".
I have found and attached setupapi.dev.log though. Instead of *.app.* I only found setup, offline and upgrade though.
I ran chkdsk from my bootable pen drive and it completed without errors.
No progress on sfc, the feature update or dism though.
I even tried dism /Source:<pendrive> without success. Why doesn't it work even with a clean source and scratch dir? Can I maybe run it from my pendrive as well?
PS C:\WINDOWS\system32> Dism /online /Get-Drivers /English
Deployment Image Servicing and Management tool
Version: 10.0.16299.15
Error: 1392
An error occurred accessing the temporary folder C:\Users\gs\AppData\Local\Temp\BD9F678E-1122-4D2E-902F-F403F7D269A8.
Ensure that the path to the temporary folder exists and that you have Read/Write permissions on the folder.
The DISM log file can be found at C:\WINDOWS\Logs\DISM\dism.log
cmd /c dir /s /A %systemroot%\servicing\version >"%userprofile%\desktop\servicing.txt"
Datenträger in Laufwerk C: ist Windows
Volumeseriennummer: CE4F-2209
Verzeichnis von C:\WINDOWS\servicing\version
15.03.2018 02:58 <DIR> .
15.03.2018 02:58 <DIR> ..
15.03.2018 02:58 <DIR> 10.0.16299.251
0 Datei(en), 0 Bytes
Verzeichnis von C:\WINDOWS\servicing\version\10.0.16299.251
15.03.2018 02:58 <DIR> .
15.03.2018 02:58 <DIR> ..
29.09.2017 10:45 9 amd64_installed
29.09.2017 10:45 9 x86_installed
2 Datei(en), 18 Bytes
Anzahl der angezeigten Dateien:
2 Datei(en), 18 Bytes
5 Verzeichnis(se), 107.085.717.504 Bytes frei